An Introduction to Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC)

The Akaike Information Criterion (commonly referred to simply as AIC) is a criterion for selecting among nested statistical or  econometric models. The AIC is essentially an estimated measure of the quality of each of the available econometric models as they relate to one another for a certain set of data, making it an ideal method for model selection. Using AIC for Statistical and Econometric Model Selection The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was developed with a foundation in information theory. Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics concerning the quantification (the process of counting and measuring) of information. In using AIC to  attempt to measure the relative quality of econometric models for a given data set, AIC provides the researcher with an estimate of the information that would be lost if a particular model were to be employed to display the process that produced the data. As such, the AIC works to balance the trade-offs between the complexity of a given model and its goodness of fit, which is the statistical term to describe how well the model fits the data or set of observations. What AIC Will Not Do Because of what the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) can do with a set of statistical and econometric models and a given set of data, it is a useful tool in model selection. But even as a model selection tool, AIC has its limitations. For instance, AIC can only provide a relative test of model quality. That is to say that AIC does not and cannot provide a test of a model that results in information about the quality of the model in an absolute sense. So if each of the tested statistical models are equally unsatisfactory or ill-fit for the data, AIC would not provide any indication from the onset. AIC in Econometrics Terms The AIC is a number associated with each model: AICln (sm2) 2m/T Where m is the number of parameters in the model, and sm2  (in an AR(m) example) is the estimated residual variance: sm2 (sum of squared residuals for model m)/T. That is the average squared residual for model m. The criterion may be minimized over choices of m to form a trade-off between the fit of the model (which lowers the sum of squared residuals) and the models complexity, which is measured by m. Thus an AR(m) model versus an AR(m1) can be compared by this criterion for a given batch of data. An equivalent formulation is this one: AICT ln(RSS) 2K where K is the number of regressors, T the number of observations, and RSS the residual sum of squares; minimize over K to pick K. As such, provided a set of econometrics models, the preferred model in terms of relative quality will be the model with the minimum AIC value.

The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument - 901 Words

The current organizational culture type of my organization is Clan, based on the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument. Schein’s Three-Layer Organizational Model has three levels: artifacts, adopted behaviors and basic assumptions. Artifacts are made up of things that can be seen and felt. My organization has a relaxed dress code, which is considered a normal value for our organization. The office is in our family home, which provides a warm and welcoming atmosphere. We have several special dinners each year to celebrate our business. Outsiders would easily recognize these artifacts, and therefore these artifacts are a part of the work culture of my organization. Level two of Schein’s Three-Layer Organization Model is adopted values, or unconscious and unspoken behaviors that reflect the shared values of the organization. Employees are encouraged to be creative and are expected to share in the creative process. We work together as a team and try to have transparent and direct communication, to prevent conflict, which would disrupt financial gains. My father founded this company with the vision of originating products for sale in the growing online retail industry. My company proves that our vision is being carried out by our financial and team building successes, therefore these traits are part of the work culture of my organization. The third level of Schein’s Three-Layer Organizational Model is basic assumptions, which are difficult for an outsider toShow MoreRelatedProcedures For Establishing Validity And Reliability. For1308 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Establishing Validity and Reliability For the Denison organizational culture survey instrument to be considered a valid instrument, that instrument â€Å"must first pass a psychometric test to make certain that individual respondents can discern the underlying structure proposed by the theory† (Denison, Nieminen, Kotrba, 2014, p. 27). 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The EIA’s in place and thatRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment1445 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment Introduction Organizations whose cultures are tightly integrated to cultural, societal and political norms and values often face a significantly greater series of challenges in implementing change management and retaining agility in the midst of market turbulence. 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Negative Impacts of Disney Speech Free Essays

A word that connotes childhood enjoyment, its messages of love and happiness influencing us for the better. This is exactly what Disney would like us to believe. Despite what they say, there is a sinister side to this innocence. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Impacts of Disney Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its messages have been corrupting our poor, unsuspecting children. How beauty is imperative in order to succeed in life; how only the beautiful can achieve their own ‘happy ending; how people who are less than ‘perfect’ are dark and evil. How can anyone truly feel comfortable with themselves, when such horrifying messages have subconsciously consumed our minds? We are all being duped, being influenced into worshipping Disney; what child in this world can claim not to have watched or heard of Disney? But this corruption does not stop at DVDs. It continues to emerge in toys, clothes, furniture, even technology. It has taken over our lives. Young children are being preyed upon by scavenging eagles rampaging for money from our naive purses; Disneys annual revenue for 2012 was $45 billion, insinuating how much a childhood depends on Disney’s merchandise. With intellect such as yourselves, you must see the ulterior motives of Disney, but ost importantly, the detrimental effects this is having on our young children. Prejudice and sexist views are being embedded into the innocent minds of today, continuously influencing their thoughts and processes. Does this seem fair to you? To allow this company the right to poison young, ignorant minds is revolting. The protagonist from the childhood classic ‘Cinderella’, for example, is subliminally portrayed to have a lack of independence and aspirations for her life. According to Cinderella’s creators, a women’s main duty is to slave for people of higher class by erforming derogatory tasks. However can we expect sexist views to disappear when they are being promoted through children’s television. When she at last breaks free of this ridiculous stereotype, she is not saved by her own perseverance and determination, but rather by impressing a wealthy prince with her looks. Even for this she must be beautiful and ‘perfect’- not in her usual attire of maid’s clothes! Girls are being taught that masquerading their true identity is necessary for a better life. And people wonder why women from a young age overuse makeup. Young children are eing taught that a piece of cloth will make all their problems disappear. Does this sound like a fair representation of life to you? How can we expect to produce hardworking, independent women if they are constantly reminded that ‘looking nice’ is all that matters? Disney always plays to the same stereotype: the beautiful woman has to be saved by ‘prince charming for her life to get better. Does this seem realistic to you? Does this seem like a world striving for equality? The hypocrisy is sickening. Self-consciousness is also promoted by Disney’s ‘princesses’, which can lead to erious repercussions such as depression and eating-related disorders. From such a young age it is embedded into our minds that a sizeO body is needed to achieve happiness. How can the constant hopelessness felt by impressionable teenagers of pin-sized and hair not thick and glossy. What does this say about Disney: delusional, thoughtless and sexist. Stop this disgusting behavior on Disney’s part now! Speak up and protect the children of the world from untrue stereotypes and plastic idols. As long as you speak up, we can abolish these sickening pressures put upon young women. How to cite Negative Impacts of Disney Speech, Papers

Crimes Against Women free essay sample

Woman once venerated as the mother and the perpetuating angel of mankind has come to be looked upon as ‘the unblessed creation of God’. Thanks to the traditional male dominant society who has always taught our generations that SHE is a weaker sex. We persist in our wretched belief that women are weak, helpless creatures who need constant watching by their fathers, brothers, husbands and sons at different stages of their life. The consequences of this bitter reality confront us every day in the form of crimes against women. Today, the women are harassed, tortured and ill-treated. Rapes and murders have become common news. Eve-teasing is common, for women are considered objects of sex. Abduction and rape are everyday occurrences. Even minor girls are not spared. The cases like Guwahati molestation case and rape of a 30 year old woman in West Bengal are examples of insensitivity of government towards the victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes Against Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Greed and sex hunger is the motive force behind the crimes against women not just in India, but round the globe. In a recent WHO study, it was revealed that 70% women in Ethiopia and 15% in Japan reported sexual violence, 28% females in Tanzania and 40% in South Africa reported that their first sexual experience was forced. One of the most hideous aspects of our Indian society is the dowry system. The lure of making easy money has led to outrageous demands for dowry. Brides are harassed and burnt alive if they do not bring sufficient dowry. Many girls commit suicide to save their parents from humiliation. Today it is possible to determine the sex of the unborn child. This has led to the abhorrent practice of female foeticide. Equally horrific are news reports of foreign tourists being sexually assaulted. Recently an American was molested in Pushkar, a British journalist raped in Goa, Canadian girls attacked in Kumarakom to list the few instances. It looks like that India as a nation has ceased to know how to treat women as human beings who have a right to dignity and safety. Working women are exploited everywhere. They are the most exposed to the vulture eyes of potential molesters. In Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan the petitioner asked to curb sexual harassment at work place. Women are criminally assaulted in police lock-ups and even so-called protective homes are not safe for them. Ironically, they bear the brunt of hostility between their men folk. The remedy lies in womens education and economic independence. Stringent laws with no loopholes must be made to protect the interests of women. At the work place, organizations must establish complaint committees that are headed by women. Above all, the moral atmosphere of the society must undergo a complete transformation.

Crimes Against Women free essay sample

Woman once venerated as the mother and the perpetuating angel of mankind has come to be looked upon as ‘the unblessed creation of God’. Thanks to the traditional male dominant society who has always taught our generations that SHE is a weaker sex. We persist in our wretched belief that women are weak, helpless creatures who need constant watching by their fathers, brothers, husbands and sons at different stages of their life. The consequences of this bitter reality confront us every day in the form of crimes against women. Today, the women are harassed, tortured and ill-treated. Rapes and murders have become common news. Eve-teasing is common, for women are considered objects of sex. Abduction and rape are everyday occurrences. Even minor girls are not spared. The cases like Guwahati molestation case and rape of a 30 year old woman in West Bengal are examples of insensitivity of government towards the victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes Against Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Greed and sex hunger is the motive force behind the crimes against women not just in India, but round the globe. In a recent WHO study, it was revealed that 70% women in Ethiopia and 15% in Japan reported sexual violence, 28% females in Tanzania and 40% in South Africa reported that their first sexual experience was forced. One of the most hideous aspects of our Indian society is the dowry system. The lure of making easy money has led to outrageous demands for dowry. Brides are harassed and burnt alive if they do not bring sufficient dowry. Many girls commit suicide to save their parents from humiliation. Today it is possible to determine the sex of the unborn child. This has led to the abhorrent practice of female foeticide. Equally horrific are news reports of foreign tourists being sexually assaulted. Recently an American was molested in Pushkar, a British journalist raped in Goa, Canadian girls attacked in Kumarakom to list the few instances. It looks like that India as a nation has ceased to know how to treat women as human beings who have a right to dignity and safety. Working women are exploited everywhere. They are the most exposed to the vulture eyes of potential molesters. In Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan the petitioner asked to curb sexual harassment at work place. Women are criminally assaulted in police lock-ups and even so-called protective homes are not safe for them. Ironically, they bear the brunt of hostility between their men folk. The remedy lies in womens education and economic independence. Stringent laws with no loopholes must be made to protect the interests of women. At the work place, organizations must establish complaint committees that are headed by women. Above all, the moral atmosphere of the society must undergo a complete transformation.