An Introduction to Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC)

The Akaike Information Criterion (commonly referred to simply as AIC) is a criterion for selecting among nested statistical or  econometric models. The AIC is essentially an estimated measure of the quality of each of the available econometric models as they relate to one another for a certain set of data, making it an ideal method for model selection. Using AIC for Statistical and Econometric Model Selection The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was developed with a foundation in information theory. Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics concerning the quantification (the process of counting and measuring) of information. In using AIC to  attempt to measure the relative quality of econometric models for a given data set, AIC provides the researcher with an estimate of the information that would be lost if a particular model were to be employed to display the process that produced the data. As such, the AIC works to balance the trade-offs between the complexity of a given model and its goodness of fit, which is the statistical term to describe how well the model fits the data or set of observations. What AIC Will Not Do Because of what the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) can do with a set of statistical and econometric models and a given set of data, it is a useful tool in model selection. But even as a model selection tool, AIC has its limitations. For instance, AIC can only provide a relative test of model quality. That is to say that AIC does not and cannot provide a test of a model that results in information about the quality of the model in an absolute sense. So if each of the tested statistical models are equally unsatisfactory or ill-fit for the data, AIC would not provide any indication from the onset. AIC in Econometrics Terms The AIC is a number associated with each model: AICln (sm2) 2m/T Where m is the number of parameters in the model, and sm2  (in an AR(m) example) is the estimated residual variance: sm2 (sum of squared residuals for model m)/T. That is the average squared residual for model m. The criterion may be minimized over choices of m to form a trade-off between the fit of the model (which lowers the sum of squared residuals) and the models complexity, which is measured by m. Thus an AR(m) model versus an AR(m1) can be compared by this criterion for a given batch of data. An equivalent formulation is this one: AICT ln(RSS) 2K where K is the number of regressors, T the number of observations, and RSS the residual sum of squares; minimize over K to pick K. As such, provided a set of econometrics models, the preferred model in terms of relative quality will be the model with the minimum AIC value.

The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument - 901 Words

The current organizational culture type of my organization is Clan, based on the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument. Schein’s Three-Layer Organizational Model has three levels: artifacts, adopted behaviors and basic assumptions. Artifacts are made up of things that can be seen and felt. My organization has a relaxed dress code, which is considered a normal value for our organization. The office is in our family home, which provides a warm and welcoming atmosphere. We have several special dinners each year to celebrate our business. Outsiders would easily recognize these artifacts, and therefore these artifacts are a part of the work culture of my organization. Level two of Schein’s Three-Layer Organization Model is adopted values, or unconscious and unspoken behaviors that reflect the shared values of the organization. Employees are encouraged to be creative and are expected to share in the creative process. We work together as a team and try to have transparent and direct communication, to prevent conflict, which would disrupt financial gains. My father founded this company with the vision of originating products for sale in the growing online retail industry. My company proves that our vision is being carried out by our financial and team building successes, therefore these traits are part of the work culture of my organization. The third level of Schein’s Three-Layer Organizational Model is basic assumptions, which are difficult for an outsider toShow MoreRelatedProcedures For Establishing Validity And Reliability. For1308 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Establishing Validity and Reliability For the Denison organizational culture survey instrument to be considered a valid instrument, that instrument â€Å"must first pass a psychometric test to make certain that individual respondents can discern the underlying structure proposed by the theory† (Denison, Nieminen, Kotrba, 2014, p. 27). Then, â€Å"the respondents within each†¦must show a high level of agreement in order to claim that organizational characteristics are being measured† (Denison, Nieminen,Read MoreA New Team Of Global Employees1257 Words   |  6 Pagesperson from Germany, and person from Singapore. In order to examine the group LDR 804 GLOBE task information was collected concerning the personalities of persons from stated countries. This study will look at culture evaluation instruments and how they will be useful to measure the business culture and to find cultural holes associated with this team. There will be an explanation of how my style of leadership, and techniques will be pers uaded by the social ethnicity and multiplicity of the team. ThereRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both Personality Assessments Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesBirkman Method and The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are both personality assessments. 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Little has been writte n concerning the role school culture and climate can contribute to school improvement. Lindahl states that large scale organizational improvement occurs in a human system which means in an atmosphere where we have beliefs and individual members with norms. TheRead MoreManagement Of Equality And Diversity1117 Words   |  5 Pagesrequired. -Feed this back to the Communications Team and HR Director (MS) June 2015 Policies and procedures to support Equality Diversity Issues The University has robust procedures in place to carry out reviews and Equality Impact Assessments of Policies and Procedures in Human Resources. The outcomes are available on the staff intranet. However, the process can be very protracted and a mechanism needs to be developed to streamline these EIA procedures. The EIA’s in place and thatRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment1445 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Aramco Leadership Assessment Introduction Organizations whose cultures are tightly integrated to cultural, societal and political norms and values often face a significantly greater series of challenges in implementing change management and retaining agility in the midst of market turbulence. Saudi Aramcos culture is a polyglot of cultural, societal and political norms, unified under the Saudi Arabian series of cultural constraints and values. While Saudi Aramco is a global force in oilRead MoreThe Organizational Culture On Workplace Productivity And The Overall Impact On The Organization1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping culturally appropriate groups to carry out the expansion goals in these markets. In order to develop a successful global team, I must scrutinize the organizational culture, the necessary leadership style, the impact of the group’s culture on workplace productivity, and the overall impact on the organization itself. Cultural Assessment Since the expansion effort includes several different cultural norms, the leadership team must both recognize these unique characteristics and employ their strengths

Negative Impacts of Disney Speech Free Essays

A word that connotes childhood enjoyment, its messages of love and happiness influencing us for the better. This is exactly what Disney would like us to believe. Despite what they say, there is a sinister side to this innocence. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Impacts of Disney Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its messages have been corrupting our poor, unsuspecting children. How beauty is imperative in order to succeed in life; how only the beautiful can achieve their own ‘happy ending; how people who are less than ‘perfect’ are dark and evil. How can anyone truly feel comfortable with themselves, when such horrifying messages have subconsciously consumed our minds? We are all being duped, being influenced into worshipping Disney; what child in this world can claim not to have watched or heard of Disney? But this corruption does not stop at DVDs. It continues to emerge in toys, clothes, furniture, even technology. It has taken over our lives. Young children are being preyed upon by scavenging eagles rampaging for money from our naive purses; Disneys annual revenue for 2012 was $45 billion, insinuating how much a childhood depends on Disney’s merchandise. With intellect such as yourselves, you must see the ulterior motives of Disney, but ost importantly, the detrimental effects this is having on our young children. Prejudice and sexist views are being embedded into the innocent minds of today, continuously influencing their thoughts and processes. Does this seem fair to you? To allow this company the right to poison young, ignorant minds is revolting. The protagonist from the childhood classic ‘Cinderella’, for example, is subliminally portrayed to have a lack of independence and aspirations for her life. According to Cinderella’s creators, a women’s main duty is to slave for people of higher class by erforming derogatory tasks. However can we expect sexist views to disappear when they are being promoted through children’s television. When she at last breaks free of this ridiculous stereotype, she is not saved by her own perseverance and determination, but rather by impressing a wealthy prince with her looks. Even for this she must be beautiful and ‘perfect’- not in her usual attire of maid’s clothes! Girls are being taught that masquerading their true identity is necessary for a better life. And people wonder why women from a young age overuse makeup. Young children are eing taught that a piece of cloth will make all their problems disappear. Does this sound like a fair representation of life to you? How can we expect to produce hardworking, independent women if they are constantly reminded that ‘looking nice’ is all that matters? Disney always plays to the same stereotype: the beautiful woman has to be saved by ‘prince charming for her life to get better. Does this seem realistic to you? Does this seem like a world striving for equality? The hypocrisy is sickening. Self-consciousness is also promoted by Disney’s ‘princesses’, which can lead to erious repercussions such as depression and eating-related disorders. From such a young age it is embedded into our minds that a sizeO body is needed to achieve happiness. How can the constant hopelessness felt by impressionable teenagers of pin-sized and hair not thick and glossy. What does this say about Disney: delusional, thoughtless and sexist. Stop this disgusting behavior on Disney’s part now! Speak up and protect the children of the world from untrue stereotypes and plastic idols. As long as you speak up, we can abolish these sickening pressures put upon young women. How to cite Negative Impacts of Disney Speech, Papers

Crimes Against Women free essay sample

Woman once venerated as the mother and the perpetuating angel of mankind has come to be looked upon as ‘the unblessed creation of God’. Thanks to the traditional male dominant society who has always taught our generations that SHE is a weaker sex. We persist in our wretched belief that women are weak, helpless creatures who need constant watching by their fathers, brothers, husbands and sons at different stages of their life. The consequences of this bitter reality confront us every day in the form of crimes against women. Today, the women are harassed, tortured and ill-treated. Rapes and murders have become common news. Eve-teasing is common, for women are considered objects of sex. Abduction and rape are everyday occurrences. Even minor girls are not spared. The cases like Guwahati molestation case and rape of a 30 year old woman in West Bengal are examples of insensitivity of government towards the victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes Against Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Greed and sex hunger is the motive force behind the crimes against women not just in India, but round the globe. In a recent WHO study, it was revealed that 70% women in Ethiopia and 15% in Japan reported sexual violence, 28% females in Tanzania and 40% in South Africa reported that their first sexual experience was forced. One of the most hideous aspects of our Indian society is the dowry system. The lure of making easy money has led to outrageous demands for dowry. Brides are harassed and burnt alive if they do not bring sufficient dowry. Many girls commit suicide to save their parents from humiliation. Today it is possible to determine the sex of the unborn child. This has led to the abhorrent practice of female foeticide. Equally horrific are news reports of foreign tourists being sexually assaulted. Recently an American was molested in Pushkar, a British journalist raped in Goa, Canadian girls attacked in Kumarakom to list the few instances. It looks like that India as a nation has ceased to know how to treat women as human beings who have a right to dignity and safety. Working women are exploited everywhere. They are the most exposed to the vulture eyes of potential molesters. In Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan the petitioner asked to curb sexual harassment at work place. Women are criminally assaulted in police lock-ups and even so-called protective homes are not safe for them. Ironically, they bear the brunt of hostility between their men folk. The remedy lies in womens education and economic independence. Stringent laws with no loopholes must be made to protect the interests of women. At the work place, organizations must establish complaint committees that are headed by women. Above all, the moral atmosphere of the society must undergo a complete transformation.

Crimes Against Women free essay sample

Woman once venerated as the mother and the perpetuating angel of mankind has come to be looked upon as ‘the unblessed creation of God’. Thanks to the traditional male dominant society who has always taught our generations that SHE is a weaker sex. We persist in our wretched belief that women are weak, helpless creatures who need constant watching by their fathers, brothers, husbands and sons at different stages of their life. The consequences of this bitter reality confront us every day in the form of crimes against women. Today, the women are harassed, tortured and ill-treated. Rapes and murders have become common news. Eve-teasing is common, for women are considered objects of sex. Abduction and rape are everyday occurrences. Even minor girls are not spared. The cases like Guwahati molestation case and rape of a 30 year old woman in West Bengal are examples of insensitivity of government towards the victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimes Against Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Greed and sex hunger is the motive force behind the crimes against women not just in India, but round the globe. In a recent WHO study, it was revealed that 70% women in Ethiopia and 15% in Japan reported sexual violence, 28% females in Tanzania and 40% in South Africa reported that their first sexual experience was forced. One of the most hideous aspects of our Indian society is the dowry system. The lure of making easy money has led to outrageous demands for dowry. Brides are harassed and burnt alive if they do not bring sufficient dowry. Many girls commit suicide to save their parents from humiliation. Today it is possible to determine the sex of the unborn child. This has led to the abhorrent practice of female foeticide. Equally horrific are news reports of foreign tourists being sexually assaulted. Recently an American was molested in Pushkar, a British journalist raped in Goa, Canadian girls attacked in Kumarakom to list the few instances. It looks like that India as a nation has ceased to know how to treat women as human beings who have a right to dignity and safety. Working women are exploited everywhere. They are the most exposed to the vulture eyes of potential molesters. In Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan the petitioner asked to curb sexual harassment at work place. Women are criminally assaulted in police lock-ups and even so-called protective homes are not safe for them. Ironically, they bear the brunt of hostility between their men folk. The remedy lies in womens education and economic independence. Stringent laws with no loopholes must be made to protect the interests of women. At the work place, organizations must establish complaint committees that are headed by women. Above all, the moral atmosphere of the society must undergo a complete transformation.

Alcoholism Essays (4186 words) - Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism

Alcoholism alcoholism Definitions and causal factors of alcoholism Alcoholism consists of a repetitive intake of alcoholic beverages to an extent that the drinker is harmed. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social or economic. Implicit in the conception of alcoholism as a disease is the idea that the person experiencing repeated or long-lasting injury from his drinking would alter his behaviour if he could. His failure to do so shows that he cannot help himself, that he has lost control over drinking. This conception incorporates the idea of addiction or dependence. Formal definitions of alcoholism vary according to the point of view of the definer. A simplistic, old-fashioned medical definition calls alcoholism a disease caused by chronic, excessive drinking. A purely pharmacological-physiological definition of alcoholism classifies it as a drug addiction recognizable by the need for increasing doses to produce desired effects and by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome when drinking is stopped. This definition is inadequate, since alcoholism does not resemble other addictions in the need for increased doses. Opium addicts become adapted to and require as much as hundreds of times the normal lethal dose, but the increased amounts to which alcoholics become adapted are well below the normal single lethal dose. Moreover, the withdrawal syndromes in alcoholism occur inconsistently, sometimes failing to appear in the same persons who experienced them previously and apparently never occurring in some persons who cannot be distinguished from confi rmed alcoholics. Behavioral rather than pharmacological-physiological signs are much more consistent and reliable in defining and diagnosing alcoholism. A sophisticated definition representing modern conceptions of comprehensive medicine classifies alcoholism as a disease of unknown cause, without recognizable anatomical signs, manifested by addiction to or dependence on alcohol. A more comprehensive definition incorporating the perspectives of both psychological and physical medicine recognizes that alcoholism may be either a symptom of another underlying, possibly psychological, disorder or a disease itself: alcoholism, in this view, is a chronic and usually progressive disease or a symptom of an underlying psychological or physical disorder, characterized by dependence on alcohol (manifested by loss of control over drinking) for relief from psychological or physical distress or for gratification from alcohol intoxication itself, and characterized also by a consumption of alcoholic beverages suffic iently great and consistent to cause physical or mental or social or economic disability. Here, the conception of disease undoubtedly rests on the evidence of disablement. The various definitions that rely on the symptom of loss of control over drinking often consider the loss of control to consist of an inability to stop drinking once it is started, implying that the alcoholic can choose not to take the first drink. But the more comprehensive definition sees the alcoholic as starting a drinking episode because he cannot refrain. Nor does the loss of control over drinking hold true all the time. As with symptoms in many diseases, the loss of control is active in most alcoholics only inconsistently. This means that an alcoholic is not always under internal pressure to drink and can sometimes resist drinking, or, if he drinks, he can sometimes drink in a controlled way. The inconsistency of the loss of control is, however, consistent with a definition of alcoholism based on learning psychology: alcoholism, in this definition, is a learned (or conditioned) dependence on (or addiction to) alcohol that irresistibly activates resort to drinking whenever a cr itical internal or environmental stimulus (or cue) presents itself. This definition leaves room for the conception that alcoholism may start as a symptom of an underlying disorder, which induces the learning of the alcoholismic pattern, and that once the pattern is fixed or conditioned it may become a disease in its own right (that is, an addiction), capable of surviving even the disappearance of the original underlying cause. Some theorists who regard alcoholism as primarily a symptom do not necessarily subscribe to the idea that it is learned, although they recognize that it may progress to the state of a primary disease. Alcoholism is a multifarious phenomenon requiring more than one definition. Epidemiologists need a definition that will enable them to identify alcoholics within a population not available for individual examination. Such a definition may rely on a quantity-and-frequency measurement of drinking

Free Essays on Cold Mountain

Page 1 A Journey Transforms Charles Frazier’s story, Cold Mountain, is based in the Civil War Era. Frazier uses the main characters, Ada and Inman to represent the hardships of the Civil War. Inman and Ada both overcome obstacles such as, a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for a each other. Inman is a confederate soldier who decided to desert the war feeling that he has no place in the war. His journey will lead him to his one true love Ada Monroe, the daughter of a preacher who will have to overcome hardships of her own. Ada will face similar hardships of Inman such as hunger, fear, and need for each other. This story uses the triumph of love to overcome a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for each other. Inman finds himself on a journey â€Å"filled with extreme dangers and hardship, brutal encounters, and colorful characters† (Clerc 2). Inman’s injury weakens him physically but strengthens his animosity towards the flat lands and grotesque battlefields. The struggle to find food and his ability to avert the Home Guard seem to be too much to bear. Inman’s will to survive is all due to what is waiting for him back home, a loving Ada and the picturesque scenery of cold mountain. Frazier uses the transformation of Inman from a man filled with rage to a slightly softer person to reveal Inman’s need to return home. Inman’s anger is apparent through his journey, â€Å"The caps though were damp or otherwise faulty, and the pistol snapped on four chambers before he gave up and beat the man about the head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frazier 75). Inman gradually undergoes a self- transformation as familiar rolling hills begin to appear, and his journey home begins to come closer. Page 2 Ada also foregoes a change within herself. Ada transforms from a proper inexperienced lady to a hard working farm girl. With the help of her friend, Ruby Ada starts to learn the ways of the farm. Ada’s transformation is ... Free Essays on Cold Mountain Free Essays on Cold Mountain Page 1 A Journey Transforms Charles Frazier’s story, Cold Mountain, is based in the Civil War Era. Frazier uses the main characters, Ada and Inman to represent the hardships of the Civil War. Inman and Ada both overcome obstacles such as, a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for a each other. Inman is a confederate soldier who decided to desert the war feeling that he has no place in the war. His journey will lead him to his one true love Ada Monroe, the daughter of a preacher who will have to overcome hardships of her own. Ada will face similar hardships of Inman such as hunger, fear, and need for each other. This story uses the triumph of love to overcome a perilous journey, coming of age, and a search for each other. Inman finds himself on a journey â€Å"filled with extreme dangers and hardship, brutal encounters, and colorful characters† (Clerc 2). Inman’s injury weakens him physically but strengthens his animosity towards the flat lands and grotesque battlefields. The struggle to find food and his ability to avert the Home Guard seem to be too much to bear. Inman’s will to survive is all due to what is waiting for him back home, a loving Ada and the picturesque scenery of cold mountain. Frazier uses the transformation of Inman from a man filled with rage to a slightly softer person to reveal Inman’s need to return home. Inman’s anger is apparent through his journey, â€Å"The caps though were damp or otherwise faulty, and the pistol snapped on four chambers before he gave up and beat the man about the head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frazier 75). Inman gradually undergoes a self- transformation as familiar rolling hills begin to appear, and his journey home begins to come closer. Page 2 Ada also foregoes a change within herself. Ada transforms from a proper inexperienced lady to a hard working farm girl. With the help of her friend, Ruby Ada starts to learn the ways of the farm. Ada’s transformation is ...

I will attach the document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I will attach the document - Essay Example In an event, the pressure exerted on the nerve becomes colossal to trouble the role of the ulnar nerve; numbness may be experience in a number of segments on the arm such as the fingers. When the peripheral median nerve that extends towards the palm, happens to squeezed at the wrist, carpal tunnel syndrome comes about. The stress on the wrist results into an agonizing swelling, which in turn hinder feeling in the hand. Body tendons may swell because of several causes and the stroke of lugging the muscle turn out to be painful. When the normal plane-gliding movement of the tendon is injured, the tendon becomes painful and movements upset. This state indicates a condition known as tendonitis. Pronation denotes the turning motion of the forearm via the radioulnar joint, or on the bottom of the leg at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular lower limb joints in the field of anatomy. During the normal standing posture, pronation-turning motion shifts the palm of the right upper appendage anti-clockwise and clockwise for the left forearm from a superiorly vision. Flexion denotes to the pose made possible by the joint, which decrease twist in anatomical terms. The muscles and the bone structures of the human body work in harmony and move the joints, to take a flexed position. For instance, the elbow part of the fore appendages is bent when the hand is gets closer to the shoulder or the body trunk may be bent in the direction of the legs. Rotation illustrates the spherical movement of a body around a position of a circular motion. In ergonomics, rotation is observed in the movement of the forelimbs and the head. In ergonomics, a three-dimensional object turns around a rotation alignment. If the rotation alignment is contained by an entity, and go through the entity’s center of dimension the entity is said to turn around upon itself. Supination contrasts pronation and denotes to the position

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 Essay

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 and 265-284 of Jonathan Kozol's Shame of the Nation - Essay Example This intuition considers America being the superpower in terms of everything. Several questions arise, for instance, a reader asks what was amiss in the definition of the constitution to result with an education system that is not fully represented legally. Additionally, a reader cannot fail to the integrity and validity of the structure being incorporated to reflect the legal inclusions of the education systems from local to state to federal governments. The understanding of the difficult parts of the reading lies in the insights acquired during the first reading. Practically, the reader must incorporate a definition of terminologies in a layman’s language in order to perceive all the terms in the text in their correct context. To answer the questions raised, one must first consider when the constitution was written followed by the amendments that have been made in the course of time. Still, addressing concerns of education is the pertinent action requisite for the legal stakeholders to ensure America’s education system is well guarded constitutionally. When reading the second text, it is fathomable that American legal system has not addressed issues regarding education protection. Principally, Kozol provides an exploration of the diversity of the results that courts educe in the course of trying to establish equality and acquisition of formal education to all (Kozol 268). More so, a reader is able to understand the elucidated legal mechanics that America is putting across to address this education issue (281). The questions that arise regarding the cause of inequality in the education system yet, it is conventional that there is equity in all facets of formal life including the motto â€Å"education for all.† Is there equity in resource allocation and distribution as regards education acquisition? And lastly, is the disparity streamlined on gender or racial biases? Some aspects are only difficult to understand based

How has the American media changed since 1990 What have been the Essay

How has the American media changed since 1990 What have been the political consequences - Essay Example When dealing with media, many people think of television, radio, internet, and mails. Television is the news source most relied on by the American people. The media takes the effort to share information or entertain different people in different language and location (Sterling and Kittross, 2002). Media first begun when the cavemen shouted to send a warning or communicating with people, earshot which was closer to modern methods of media, and technology such as horn, bells, drums, and fire signal. Eventually people started to use more complex methods to communicate to the next generation. The first real change in media came with the introduction of the printing press. For years the technological development of media involved distance, speed, number of copies, and quantity. Every new technology was a balance of these demands (Sterling and Kittross, 2002). The pony express was used to deliver mails faster than any other method. Speed and distance helped in the development of telegraphs. In American, the first practical telegraph was invented by Samuel Finley Breene Morse, also known as an artist. The telegraph became the most effective form of media. With the successful development of the telegraph and telephone in America communication was much easier. At this time electricity was used and with the use of electricity, the radio was introduced. Radio broadcasting thus became the new electrical communication. The telegraph, telephone, and radio were the quickest ways of communication (Sterling and Kittross, 2002). The radio reduced the reliance on wires, and also reduced the production of copies and hand-lettering. However, media development was slow and experienced some challenges such as the freedom of press, regulation of broadcasting and other issues. Freedom of press: Freedom of press can be traced back to the ratification

Determining the Success of a Project

Determining the Success of a Project Success has always been the ultimate goal of every type of project. Many specialists in the field have performed extensive researches in an attempt to try and define what projects success is. Judging the success of a project is rather an elusive concept since most projects we hear may be a failure to one set of stakeholders while others may consider it to be a success. This article makes an attempt to define success in projects based on the work of experts in this field of study. Introduction A project can be defined as a unique venture with a beginning and an end conducted by people to meet established goals within a parameter of cost reduced and quality increased (Field Keller, P.2). furthermore a project has the following characteristics such as specific objectives, required resources, have a budget and schedule, and requires effort of community, measures quality and finally functions within a life cycle. On the contrary, project management can be defined as the way of controlling the success of the project objectives, by the use of existing managerial structure and capital to manage the project by linking a compilation of tools and skill without interrupting the regular function of a company. The word success is a fascinating word as its is known universally and is broad in character; defining it is not easy, because if asked from different individuals its meaning would change according their perceptions. Project success can be considered as one of the indistinct concepts of project management. Since each stakeholder of a project has different needs and expectations, it is common to anticipate them defining project success in their own way of understanding (Cleland Ireland, 2004, p2). The Sydney Opera House project is a typical example of how different stakeholders have different perspectives of a project. The Opera house (Thomsett, 2002) took 4 times more of the original time to finish and its cost went 16 times over budget. But the final impact the Opera House created was so immense it simply made people overlook the projects original unmet goals. The project was a huge hit for the general public even though it was considered as a failure in the view of project management. On the contrary, the construction of the Millennium Dome in London was a project that was completed on time and on budget but the British public considered it a failure because it didnt deliver the glamour that it was originally expected to make (Cammack, 2005). Since there is widespread variance of opinions in the study of success in projects, many learned writers seem to have given diverse views on this topic based on extensive research and surveys. Their works differentiate among project success, project success criteria and project success factors. Project success Jugdev and Muller (2005) in their article pointed out that in order to identify what success means in a project framework is like obtaining consensus from a group of individuals on the explanation of Good Art. Project success is a subject matter that is commonly talked about and yet very hardly settled upon (Baccarini, 1999). Commonly, the attitudes on project success have developed gradually over the years from simple explanations that were restricted to the implementation phase of the project life cycle to explanations that reflect gratitude of success over the whole project and product life cycle (Jugdev and Muller, 2005). Cleland (1986) suggested that project success is significant only if measured from two vantage points: the extent to which the projects technical performance objective was accomplished on time and within budget; the contribution that the project made to the strategic mission of the organization. According to Pinto Slevin (1988) in their research after sampling over 650 project managers concluded that, Project Success is something difficult than just meeting cost, time, and performance specifications. As a matter of fact, clients contentment with the final result has a great deal to do with the perceived success or collapse of projects. Baccarini (1999) discovered two different components of project success: Project Management Success This concentrates upon the project process and specially the successful achievement of cost, time, and quality. Also the way in which the project management process was performed will be considered. Product Success This deals with the effects of the projects final product. A clear difference should be made between product success and project management success, in order to properly identify and evaluate project management success and product success, as they are differ from each other. According to Baccarini (1999), Project success can be summarized as Project success = project management success + project product success With this definition in mind, it is also important to comprehend what measures enable us to judge whether a project is successful or not. These measures are termed as Project success criteria. Project success criteria Crawfords (2002) view is that project success is an important project management issue and also in discussions, a frequently discussed topic is, it is difficult to find an agreement on the criteria by which success is judged. (Pinto and Slevin 1988; Freeman and Beale 1992; Shenhar, Levy, and Dvir 1997; Baccarini 1999). A study of literature also reveals that a greater level of agreement with the definitions given by Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1988) that project success is a subject of perception and it is considered to be an overall success if the project meets requirements such as technical performance specifications, mission to be performed. It also needs a high degree of satisfaction about the project results among the key people of the project team and the key users of the project effort The renowned and famous criteria to measure project success have been known as Golden Triangle or Iron Triangle. Hence Cost, time and qulity is referd to as the central criteria of the Golden Triangle (Atkinson, 1999, p338). Atkinson continues that this method of measuring project success have not been changed or developed in almost fifty years (1999, p338). According to Stuckenbruck (1986), assessment on project success should be done by different stakeholder groups such as customers, managers, employees, stockholders, etc. Thus it was proposed that the criteria for assessing project success should reflect different stakeholder views. Freeman and Beale (1992) presented an appealing example of different perceptions of people. According to their study: An architect may consider success in terms of aesthetic appearance, an engineer in terms of technical competence, an accountant in terms of dollars spent under budget, a human resources manager in terms of employee satisfaction, and chief executive officers rate their success in the stock market. In their study Freeman and Beale (1992) identified and proposed seven main criteria for measuring success of projects. Technical performance Efficiency in project execution Managerial and organizational implications Personal growth Project conclusion Technical innovativeness and business performance Manufacturing feasibility Wideman (1996, p3-4) believes that project success is time dependant and therefore it should be assessed with time taken into consideration. The reason behind time dependency is based on the fact that project success varies with time. Wideman(1996) illustrated four time dependant groups as mentioned below. Internal project objectives efficiency during the project Benefit to customer effectiveness in the short term Direct contribution assessed in the medium term Future opportunity assessed in the long term Shenhar, Dvir and Levy(1997) constructed a universal multidimensional framework that would help in assessing project success. In their methodology, project success is perceived as a strategic management concept where the end result of the project would fit with the strategic direction of a company whom the end result of the project is originally intended to serve. Their study also revealed that project success is time dependant and thus they identified four groups and translated them into measurable criteria. Internal Project Efficiency (Pre-completion) Meeting schedule Completing within budget Other resource constraints met Impact of the Customer (Short term) Meeting functional performance Meeting technical specifications standards Favorable impact on customer, customers gain Fulfilling customers needs Solving customers problem Customer is using product Customer expresses satisfaction Business and Direct Success (Medium term) Immediate business/commercial recognition Immediate revenue profits enhanced Larger market share generated Preparing for the Future (Long term) Will create new opportunities for the future Will position customer competitively Will create new market Will assist in developing new technology Will add/has added capabilities competencies Project success factors As defined by Cooke-Davies Success factors are those inputs to the management system that lead directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business (Cooke-Davies, 2002, p185). In practice, some project managers instinctively determine their own project success factors. However, most of these factors are not clearly documented, thus are not considered to become a part of formal project management literature or historical project data (Rad Levin, 2002, p18). From the 1980s to 2000 many researchers have attempted to identify success factors for projects. Kerzner (1987), Pinto and Slevin (1987-1989), (Sadeh, Dvir, Shenhar, 2000), Cooke Davis (2002) and Muller and Turner (2005) are among the top researchers who have conducted extensive researches in this area of study. The table below (Table 1) points out critical success factors that were identified by specialists, and were later reviewed and tabulated by Belassi and Tukel (1996). Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983) Clear goals Goal commitment of project team On-site project manager Adequate funding to completion Adequate project team capability Accurate initial cost estimates Minimum start-up difficulties Planning and control techniques Absence of bureaucracy Lock (1984) Make project commitments known Project authority from the top Appoint competent project manager Set up communications and procedures Set up control mechanisms (schedules, etc.) Progress meetings Cleland and King (1983) Project summary Operational concept Top management support Financial support Logistic requirements Facility support Market intelligence (who is the client) Project schedule Executive development and training Manpower and organization Information and communication channels Project review Pinto and Slevin (1989) Top management support Client consultation Personnel recruitment Technical tasks Client acceptance Monitoring and feedback Communication Trouble-shooting Characteristics of the project team leader Power and politics Environment events Urgency Table 1 Critical success factors tabulated by Belassi and Tukel (1996). Belassi and Tukel (1996) in their study, analyzed the above mentioned success factors and grouped them into four areas. Factors related to the project Factors related to the project managers and the team members Factors related to the organization Factors related to the external environment. It is evident that whatever critical success factors that are known, can be grouped under these four areas identified by Belassi and Tukel (1996). Dvir, Raz, Shenhar (2003) conducted a survey among 100 Israeli defense projects, and their findings pointed out a noteworthy positive connection between the projects success and each of the factors listed below. The amount of effort spent in defining and identifying the goals of the project The functional requirements Technical specifications of the project According to Verma (1995, 1996) communication, leadership and teamwork are essential for efficient management of project human resources and are vital to achieve project objectives successfully. Murray, J.P. (2001) identified nine factors that could drive an IT project into success or failure. Proper senior management commitment to the project Ample amount of project financial support A well defined set of project requirements and specifications Cautious development of a all-inclusive project plan that incorporates enough time and flexibility to foresee and deal with unanticipated difficulties as they arise A proper commitment of time and attention from the client, combined with a enthusiasm to see it through to the end Frank, accurate reporting of the status of the project and of potential complexities as they arise A critical assessment of the risks inherent in the project, and potential harm associated with those risks, and the ability of the project team to manage those risks The development of appropriate contingency plans An objective evaluation of the capability and enthusiasm of the organization to stay on the project course Turner MÃ ¼ller (2004, 2005) conducted studies on the impact of project manager and his/her involvement and leadership style on project success. Turner MÃ ¼ller (2005) believe that past literature on the subject of Project success factors, have ignored the impact of a project manager on project success. However, Turner and Muller (2005, p59) has rather given a contradictive conclusion that the leadership style and competence of the project manager have no impact on project success. In concern to project management, project success also relies on the capability to systematize, coordinate, and support a diverse group functioning towards a common target. Project success factors may differ depending on the type of project. Thus it is important to have a clear idea on what factors drives each type of project toward success. This would enable the project stakeholders to accomplish what they perceive as success. Conclusion In the past it was believed that if a projects completion time exceeds its due date, or expenses overran the budget, or its results did not satisfy a companys preset performance criteria, the project was considered to be a failure. At present it is understood that determining whether a project is a success or failure is far more complex. It is important for a project manager to be aware of what the stakeholders consider as a successful project. In order to avoid any surprises at the end of the project, it is important to identify the different perspectives of what success means before the project begins. It is generally agreed that schedule and budget performance may be considered as insufficient measures of project success however they are still important components of the overall constructs. Quality is interconnected with issues of achievement of functional objectives, specifications and issues of technical performance. It is also understood that a projects success varies with time and varies in the eye of various project stakeholders. Thus, a criteria used to assess project success should be time dependent and should be using multiple perspectives of stakeholders. However, future studies may reveal other successful means of success criteria. As for success factors, they can be generally grouped into four distinct sets. General management literature shows how effective leadership is a success factor in organizations, and has revealed that a proper leadership style can lead to better performance. However studies on leadership in project context are contradicting with this perception. A common factor pointed out by many authors is that senior management support is one of the most important factors that can drive projects toward success or failure. Success factors may vary depending on the project type. In conclusion, early classification of success criteria can ensure a definite view of how the project will be judged and early detection of success factors will assure a safe path to deliver success.

Romeo and Juliet: Imagery of Love :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

William Shakespeare's play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," is the story of two "star crossed" lovers who both meet a tragic end. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy; however, the poetic and vivid manner in which Shakespeare engages the viewer or reader make this a beautiful play. The story of Romeo and Juliet is timeless, and it has provided a model for many other stories. The story line or plot in Romeo and Juliet is well loved by many around the world, but that is not what gives the play its special quality. Just as in most of Shakespeare's plays, words and phrases with double meanings, imagery and poetry are all used to create a play that is not only a pleasure for the eyes, but one for the ears and mind as well. The following statement by Romeo in act one scene one provides a good example of this: Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs, Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in lover's eyes, Being vex'd, a sea nourish'd with loving tears. What is it else? A madness most discreet, A c hoking gall, and a preserving sweet (Riverside, 1.1.190-193). Shakespeare's use of these components is exquisite and allows for much deeper involvement by the reader or viewer. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses imagery in the forms of lightness and darkness, animals, and plants or herbs to provide the reader or viewer with a more vivid and enjoyable experience. Lightness and Darkness Imagery of lightness and darkness is used extensively throughout Romeo and Juliet to symbolize and/or describe events that take place. Capulet describes the party he is planning with lightness and darkness, "Earth-treading stars that make dark heaven light"(1.2.25). Stars continue to have a role in the play as Juliet mentions her own death she claims, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with the night, And pay no worship to the garish sun(3.2.22-25). It seems that Juliet, unknowingly, is describing the future in a s ymbolic sense. Later in the play, after Romeo is banished from Verona for the slaying of Tybalt, he and Juliet exchange lines that are full of light imagery. As the dawn is approaching, Romeo describes the view, "Look, love, what envious streaks / Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east / Night's candles are burnt out .

Life Signs †Poem and Summary By Mahapatra Essay

LIFE SIGNS Violence the day dims. When I open and shut my mouth the darkness chokes inside. The sad light pushes against a bullock-cart-driver’s whip which rests in a corner of the corridor, safe from the black pressure of dragging ribs. a country total solar eclipse It was the drawn-out cry of day that left behind no echo, day that became meek as a frightened child. A banner of pale human skin fluttered on top of the temple of Jagannath the vase a monsoon day fable The fable at the beginning of the monsoon choes alone, like a bell ringing in a temple far from home. in the fields of desolate rice captive air of chandipur on sea lost children of America dead river life signs grandfather again one day walking by the river. — Jayant Mahapatra Summary of â€Å"Life Signs† â€Å"Life signs† is the title poem of the volume Life Signs. The father-son relationship has been explored quite extensively and intensively in Indian English poetry, by Ramanujan, Parthasarathy, Shiv. K. Kumar and others and â€Å"Father† poems have become even a sub-genre of Indian Poetry in English. Life Signs† captures the central preoccupation of Mahapatra’s poetry, the irrevocable influence of the Father (by extension, the hoary tradition of the land) and the anxiety of the son-persona (the modernist, rationalist, unbeliever poet, by extension) to be freed of it Structurally, the poem is â€Å"a loosely connected set of evocative signs rather than a system and discourse† and such a poem with shifting metaphors may challenge neat interpretation; yet it â€Å"can have a great power to convey a highly complex experience and can acquire haunting beauty† (G. N. Devy). â€Å"The Cows† can be read as a companion poem. 11. 1- 2: What’s in my†¦: a blunt statement of the son-persona’s in ability to â€Å"occupy† the beliefs of the father 11. 3-5: a sense of loss caused by separation between father and son described in terms of the flowing river; the image of flow may also imply the passage of a major category in Mahapatra’s vision. 11. – 10: an associative cluster of signs: â€Å"sun†, â€Å"kites† and â€Å"clouds† evoking the sense of agedness of the traditions, which haunts him. 1. 15: â€Å"the odour†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦: another image evoking the sense of decay 11. 19-20: â€Å"come to rest†: typical Mahapatran obscurities which are the interpreter’s despair: 11. 23- 24: a conflict between the traditional beliefs and the rationalist skepticism of those beliefs- 11. 23- 24: the sense of loss and a discovery of a strange wisdom.

Free Essays on Parallelism in Greek and Inuit Mythology

The very early creation legends are difficult to trace to their original sources, since they were passed along by word of mouth from one generation to the next. There are many different legends about the origin of the earth, some similar to those told in other cultures. It is interesting that most of these legends can be tied together in one or more ways. The Greek and Inuit tribe versions of early existence are related in many ways. In both interpretations there is one creator. The Greek version explains that Eurynome, the goddess of all things, rises naked from chaos and finds nothing for her feet to stand on. She then separates the sea from the sky and dances upon the waves to the south, where later her hands would turn into a serpent (Switzer 10). Similarly, in the Inuit interpretation, a raven is born out of darkness and chaos. He searches around the dark trying to find his position; he finds water, grass and trees. After contemplating about who he is and what makes the grass gr ow, he eventually realizes that he is the Raven Father, the creator of all life (Ingpen 67). Secondly, both interpretations use the bird as the principal creator of all things. It is thought that Eurynome is the author of the universe. She becomes pregnant when her serpent hands coil around her. Next, she assumes the form of a dove and lays a huge egg which the serpent keeps warm until it hatches. The egg brings forth all the things that now exist: the sun, moon, planets, stars, and the earth with its mountains, valleys, stream, lakes, all living creatures, including the first humans (Switzer 11). In like manner, Raven flies through the darkness and finds a new land, for which he calls Earth. One day, he notices a giant pea pod and watches it as it splits open and produces a man. He creates the ox and caribou for the man to eat but tells him not to harm them (Ingpen 68). He continues to create animals, but then creates a woman to be the man’s companion. So... Free Essays on Parallelism in Greek and Inuit Mythology Free Essays on Parallelism in Greek and Inuit Mythology The very early creation legends are difficult to trace to their original sources, since they were passed along by word of mouth from one generation to the next. There are many different legends about the origin of the earth, some similar to those told in other cultures. It is interesting that most of these legends can be tied together in one or more ways. The Greek and Inuit tribe versions of early existence are related in many ways. In both interpretations there is one creator. The Greek version explains that Eurynome, the goddess of all things, rises naked from chaos and finds nothing for her feet to stand on. She then separates the sea from the sky and dances upon the waves to the south, where later her hands would turn into a serpent (Switzer 10). Similarly, in the Inuit interpretation, a raven is born out of darkness and chaos. He searches around the dark trying to find his position; he finds water, grass and trees. After contemplating about who he is and what makes the grass gr ow, he eventually realizes that he is the Raven Father, the creator of all life (Ingpen 67). Secondly, both interpretations use the bird as the principal creator of all things. It is thought that Eurynome is the author of the universe. She becomes pregnant when her serpent hands coil around her. Next, she assumes the form of a dove and lays a huge egg which the serpent keeps warm until it hatches. The egg brings forth all the things that now exist: the sun, moon, planets, stars, and the earth with its mountains, valleys, stream, lakes, all living creatures, including the first humans (Switzer 11). In like manner, Raven flies through the darkness and finds a new land, for which he calls Earth. One day, he notices a giant pea pod and watches it as it splits open and produces a man. He creates the ox and caribou for the man to eat but tells him not to harm them (Ingpen 68). He continues to create animals, but then creates a woman to be the man’s companion. So...

What Is a Salutatorian High School’s Second-Highest Honor

What Is a Salutatorian High School’s Second-Highest Honor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Academics and athletics have a lot in common: they require tons of practice, dedication, and diligence to succeed. Athletes often get trophies, medals, and letterman jackets to reward them for their accomplishments on the field and in the gym. But earning great grades can be just as tough as winning a state football tournament! That’s why many schools choose to honor their top two graduates by awarding them the titles of valedictorian and salutatorian. We’ve already covered what a valedictorian is in another post, so in this article, we’ll answer all of your questions about salutatorians, including: What is a salutatorian? Does being a salutatorian help you get into college? What is a salutatorian speech? How do you become a salutatorian? Are you ready to learn more about what it means to be the salutatorian of your graduating class? Then let’s get started! What Is a Salutatorian? The meaning of the term â€Å"salutatorian† dates back to 1841 and means â€Å"of the nature of a salutation.† More specifically, the term originally referred to â€Å"the welcoming address given at a college commencement,† which was delivered in Latin! Things have obviously changed a bit since then. (Thankfully!) First, salutatorians are now more commonly seen in high schools instead of colleges. But what is a salutatorian, exactly? The honor of salutatorian is given to the student who ranks second-highest in the school behind the valedictorian, who graduates at the very top of the class. Like valedictorians, salutatorians are most often awarded the honor based on their cumulative GPA. In general, the student with the highest cumulative GPA in a graduating class becomes the valedictorian. That means that the student with the second-highest cumulative GPA becomes the salutatorian! Second, the title of salutatorian recognizes student’s exemplary academic work, and as a result, they are asked to give a speech to open the graduation ceremony. While the salutatorian definitely gives a speech, it is not in Latin. (Now you can breathe a sigh of relief!) As the name implies, salutatorians deliver a â€Å"salutatory,† or welcoming, speech that welcomes everyone to the ceremony, recognizes important guests, and delivers a hopeful, welcoming message on behalf of their fellow classmates. Photo by Matthew T. Rader Does Being a Salutatorian Help You Get Into College? f you’re thinking about trying to become your school’s salutatorian, that means you’re already an academically competitive person that’s looking to get into a top university. We know it might be tempting to try to become the valedictorian or salutatorian of your class in order to help you get into the college of your dreams. Unfortunately, becoming salutatorian doesn’t really make a difference in terms of college admissions. Honestly, the reason is mostly a logistical one: the distinction of salutatorian is conferred toward the end of your senior year, long after you’ve already submitted your college applications! Additionally, even if you were awarded the title on time, it can be hard for universities to understand what the honor of salutatorian means in terms of your school. Because the title can be more- or less!- prestigious based on your high school graduating class size and the school’s unique salutatorian criteria (more on that later), it’s not a good benchmark for determining how you stack up to other applicants. Ultimately, your transcript and GPA- more so than your class rank- tell admissions counselors what they need to know. But that doesn’t mean there aren’t other ways becoming a salutatorian helps you in the college admissions process. First off, becoming your school’s salutatorian takes hard work. That means you’ve become self-motivated, learned how to study, been an excellent student, and embraced hard work. You’ve also figured out how to manage a busy schedule and still excel! These are all critical skills to excelling in college, too. You’ll be ready to hit the ground running from your first day, and you won’t struggle to adjust to college’s increased workload like your peers might. Secondly, salutatorians qualify for unique scholarship opportunities. Many scholarships still accept applications after you’ve already chosen your university. Graduating with top honors will help your application move to the top of the stack. Moreover, there are some scholarships that are only available to valedictorians and salutatorians! You can find a list of those unique scholarship opportunities here. Lastly, being salutatorian can help you as you look for jobs and internships. Remember, you’re going to college with a bigger goal in mind: getting a job! Internships can be just as competitive as college admissions, if not more so because the spots are much more limited. Companies often only take a handful of interns in every class even though they receive tens of thousands of applications. (Nike only accepts 40 interns a year!) So while being a salutatorian might not matter for admissions, it can have a huge impact on your opportunities long after high school. How Do You Become a Salutatorian? Like we mentioned earlier, in most cases the designation of salutatorian is determined by your cumulative GPA. To calculate your cumulative GPA, your numerical GPA in each class is added together, and the average is ranked against your fellow classmates. Additionally, schools often work from your weighted GPA. That means that AP and IB courses are assigned â€Å"extra points† to offset their difficulty (which is why many students who take college prep courses graduate with higher than a 4.0.) Traditionally, the two students with the highest weighted cumulative GPAs are awarded the distinctions of valedictorian and salutatorian (in that order). But keep in mind that each school handles salutatorian criteria differently! Some schools tackle the process like college admissions and look at a student’s GPA along with their extracurricular participation and community service hours. Other schools even allow students to cast votes for both valedictorian and salutatorian. Regardless of your school’s criteria, we think aiming for valedictorian or salutatorian is an excellent goal, so here are four tips for earning one of high school’s top academic honors. #1: Know the Criteria Since this differs from school to school, it’s super important that you know exactly how your school determines who becomes salutatorian. For example, Sheboygan Lutheran High School uses a combination of cumulative GPA, number of college prep courses, and ACT test scores to select a valedictorian and salutatorian. That’s much different than Edsel Ford High School, which only considers a student’s cumulative GPA and behavior record. #2: Take Weighted Classes AP and IB classes are important if you’re considering attending a competitive college, but they’re also critical to becoming salutatorian. Because you’re awarded â€Å"extra points† to your GPA, earning high marks in weighted classes gives you an edge over students who opt for a general curriculum. But be careful not to overextend yourself! It’s most important that you earn top marks in all of your classes, whether they’re college prep courses or not. #3: Ask for Help One of the big mistakes students make is that they don’t ask for help when they get confused. Since it’s important that you do well in all of your classes, make sure you’re talking to your teacher or tutor if there are concepts you don’t understand. An added bonus? This is a really important skill to have when you go to college! If you get comfortable asking for help now, it will make your college life that much easier. #4: Keep Your Eyes on the Prize It’s easy to let your competitive streak get out of hand when aiming for your school’s top honors. But the more time you spend worrying about other people’s grades, the less time you’re focusing on your own academic journey. So stay focused on working hard and doing your best, and let the rankings take care of themselves. Remember: even if you don’t become salutatorian, you’ll still have learned skills along the way that will make you more successful in college. Photo byBogomil Mihaylov What Is a Salutatorian Speech? So you’ve worked crazy hard and become your class’ salutatorian. Congratulations! Now it’s time for you to write a salutatorian speech. Salutatorian speeches are basically comprised of three different parts: welcoming people to the ceremony, acknowledging honored guests, and celebrating the accomplishments of your classmates. When you think about welcoming people to the ceremony, try to remember a time you felt welcome in a strange situation. What did people say to you? How did they make you feel important and like part of the group? Thinking about this might help you phrase your welcome so that the audience feels both acknowledged and included. Your second task in this section of your speech is to speak on behalf of your classmates. They don’t have a microphone and you do, so it’s important that you acknowledge the people who are attending the ceremony who’ve helped them on their journey. For example, people that fit in this category are family members, teachers, coaches, friends, and mentors! In this portion, you want to be both inclusive and brief. It might be a good idea to ask your classmates who they plan to bring with them to the ceremony. Their answers might surprise you, and they’ll help you make sure you include everyone in your opening remarks. You might also think about the people who are important to your classmates who couldn’t make it to the ceremony because of distance, illness, or death. Acknowledging them can be a lovely way of supporting your friends and classmates. The second part of your speech should acknowledge distinguished and honored guests. Make sure to talk with your principal or guidance counselor to get a list of these people. Most often, these are other participants in the ceremony, like the school’s superintendent or members of the school board. In most cases, if someone is sitting on stage, they’ll need to be welcomed individually. Talking to your school administrators about your speech is also important because you might have to follow a certain protocol. For example, your school might want you to read the person’s name and pause for a moment, which gives the person a chance to stand up and receive applause. Knowing this in advance will help you write a speech that stays within the ceremony’s time limits! The last part of your salutatorian speech gives you the chance to speak to your classmates and celebrate their achievements. This is a big day in everyone’s lives, and you get to be the person who makes them feel special. Congratulate them! Acknowledge their hard work and achievements, no matter how big or small. Additionally, might consider sharing a few lessons that you’ve learned in your own high school journey during this section. What will you take away from your years in school that will stick with you for the rest of your life? What do you hope your classmates take with them, too? But most importantly, have fun. Don’t be afraid to tell a story or share a joke that your classmates will love. Embrace the moment! This is your reward for four years of hard work, so make it count. Photo by Honey Yanibel Minaya Cruz Do All Schools Have Salutatorians? Becoming valedictorian or salutatorian has long been a way to reward academic achievement, but as society changes, so have the standards for awarding top marks. For instance, you might go to your guidance counselor’s office and be shocked to learn that your school doesn’t award the titles of valedictorian or salutatorian! More and more schools are doing away with ranked academic honors in order to help students focus on their education, not a ranking. According to Bob Farrace, the spokesman for the National Association of Secondary School Principals, administrators â€Å"worry about the college prospects of students separated by large differences in class rank despite small differences in their GPAs, and view rankings as obsolete in an era of high expectations for every student.† In other words, some educators believe that singling out the two top-performing students adversely affects the student body. But other schools have gone in the opposite direction and are now using the terms â€Å"valedictorian† and â€Å"salutatorian† to honor all high-achieving students. South Medford High School decided to name every student with a 4.0 GPA a class valedictorian. That means that there were 21 valedictorians in the Class of 2013! Other schools have followed suit in an effort to create a sense of camaraderie and collaboration around high school academics. But regardless of whether your school has salutatorians or not, one thing remains true: working hard in school will help you achieve your goals in college, in your career, and beyond. What's Next? If your high school does assign class rankings, learn about how that can affect your college application process. If you have your heart set on being valedictorian or salutatorian, check out this guide that gives you tips and strategies for raising your high school GPA. Of course, your GPA and graduation rank are just part of the picture: your test scores matter, too. Here’s a peek into what makes for a good (and a bad!) SAT score. (Don’t worry...we have an ACT score guide, too!) Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing Education in the Research Paper

Comparison of Healthcare, Nursing Care, and Nursing Education in the US and Ireland - Research Paper Example This paper declares that the US spends more money per capita on healthcare than any other nation in the world. In fact a large chunk of the national income is spent on healthcare every year. Considering the very high cost of healthcare in the United States, the country has the third highest healthcare budget in the world. Irrespective of the gargantuan healthcare expenditure, when it comes to parameters like infant mortality and life expectancy, the US tends to fall behind other developed nations. Though there are many government funded healthcare programs, yet they are mostly limited to the veterans, the elderly, the poor, children, and disabled This essay stresses that in contrast to the United States, Ireland does affiliate to the provision of universal and compulsory healthcare. The healthcare in Ireland is administered and managed as per the provisions of the Health Act 2004. This act brought into existence a statutory body called the Health Service Executive, which is responsible for providing Universal Healthcare to everyone living in Ireland. There also exist private healthcare facilities in Ireland. The Health Service Executive runs a vast network of health centers scattered across the cities and rural areas of Ireland that are capable of extending a wide range of primary healthcare services. The Health Service Executive also runs and operates many hospitals in Ireland. There also are many hospitals run by voluntary and non-governmental organizations (Tassing, 2006). Most of the hospitals in Ireland are capable of providing a complete range of healthcare and emergency services. Most of the healthcare payments in Irel and are funded by the state. Because of

The importance of analysis and analytical skills to the manager making Essay

The importance of analysis and analytical skills to the manager making decisions in business - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the importance of analysis and analytical skills to the manager making decisions in a business cannot be refuted. This is more so in today’s rapidly changing business environment and the availability of â€Å"too much† information due to the convergence of information technology, media and telecommunications. As is in life or any other important event in our lives, before embarking on a project planning is the first thing that managers have to do. As the clichà © goes, failure to plan is planning to fail. Planning involves a series of decisions that may range from operational to strategic. Project planning is a subset of operational planning whose core aim is to come up with a document referred to as a project plan. Within the project plan, managers and other stakeholders who were involved in the planning process define the objectives of the project, its scope, how the project will be conducted, the time allocated, cost estimates and roles and responsibilities of all the personnel who will be involved. Project planning involves four main steps that can be subdivided into additional steps depending on the task at hand. These steps are: establishing project goals, setting project deliverables, agreeing on project schedule and ensuring that there are support plans in place. The advantages of project planning are derived from each of these steps. In step one, stakeholders are identified, there needs outlined and project goals are set prioritizing the stakeholder needs. The advantage of this is that the outcomes are SMART goals which imply that it will be easy to detect whether the project is advancing, stagnant or regressing. Step two specifies the items to be delivered, how they are to be delivered and when they should be delivered. This advantage of this stage is that it sets up the key parameters that can be optimised using software tools to design the most effective and efficient project schedule. With a pletho ra of project management software currently in the market managers can easily identify critical path. Step two and three enable managers to balance the â€Å"tetrad trade-off† of: product scope, quality grade, time-to-produce and cost-to-complete. The final step of setting up support plans involves establishing risk management plans, communications plans and HR plans. The advantages here are numerous such as: having contingencies in place in case of anything, ensuring information goes to the right people during project implementation and using HR allocation to aid in establishing the project budget. There are also disadvantages to project planning such as: (1) at times it may take too long to come up with a plan – as rival companies catch up; (2) at times the planning committee may get lose sight of the purpose of the planning as they get bogged down in unnecessary detailing; and (3) it may lower implementation flexibility – which is dangerous in a rapidly chang ing environment – since personnel will may feel restricted by the options availed in the plan. 2.0. Financial modelling Investopedia (2011) defines financial modelling

The Developing Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Developing Manager - Essay Example The theory had the following principles; the managers should come up with a process for every type of component of an employee’s job, encourage specialization, choose and coach employees scientifically, plan and programme the jobs, develop patterns for time and ways for each job and use wage as a motivation. A French engineer Henri Fayol came up with a clear difference between the operating and management departments of an organization, known as the â€Å"administrative theory†. He classified five key roles for managers; developing, organizing, coordinating, directing and commanding. Max Weber and Chester Barnard also contributed to the administrative theory. Max Weber made a â€Å"bureaucracy concept†, the main objective of this concept was to plan a system and methods to certify that all workers were being treated justly. Mary Parker Follett contributed to the administrative theory by highlighting the importance of the employees’ contribution, resolving differences and mutual objectives. Companies like McDonald’s still use the classical management theories. Large firms that are economizing by letting employees go and turning more efficient also use classical theories of management. (Lussier, 2008) This theory emphasized on the fact that human skills are more important as compared to technical skills. In a study conducted by Joan Woodward he showed how technology has an effect on the structure of the firm. She stated that the structure of the firm changes when technology changes. This study also demonstrated that the classical theory was effective when the firm adopted mass production technologies, and the behavioural theory was effective when the production was on a small scale. (Lussier, 2008) There are many types of management style that a firm can use, which style it chooses has a great influence on how efficient the employees are. Firm usually use a combination of all the management styles to

Experiencing Flow Essay Example for Free

Experiencing Flow Essay There are a number of characteristics in Christy’s basketball playing that defines her flow. First of all, he feels that she is â€Å"in the zone† when she is playing. Basically, this reflects to a state of mind. She worked in all aspects of the game and she did it effortlessly. Her responses were automatic and all the shots she took got in. Christy seems to be in a state of â€Å"optimal experience† as stated by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in the book entitled, â€Å"FLOW: The Psychology of Optimal Experience†. Christy feels a sense of exhilaration and enjoyment in what she does. She is able to anticipate the movement of her adversaries and she knows the court very well. Moreover, in all of these tasks, she is calm, and focused even under pressure. There are strategies that would help Christy experience flow more. Csikszentmihalyi describes the feeling as autoletic. It elevates life to a different level (2008). Basically, one needs to build inner harmony. This is done by how one interprets everyday experiences. This promotes happiness and an ability to control forces existing in the universe. Firstly, in order to achieve flow, one should take control of his body. Everything that the body does can be potentially enjoyable. The key to achieving flow is the enjoyment of doing. The important part of achieving flow is not the task in itself but how the task is being done. A person can achieve enjoyment by learning to impose order on one’s sensations. Christy needs to fully feel each sensation her body is experiencing. She must always determine her goals and break them into parts. These parts should be challenging in themselves so that she may sustain enjoyment. There are also ways of experiencing flow more often and longer. One way is to try new things that eventually lead to development of new skill. More enjoyment will be experienced with more skills developed. It is important that progress in these activities is monitored so that the flow can be experienced longer. It is also good to increase the difficulty of a challenge. Mastery of a particular skill may make one bored thus, a person such as Christy should try to find more challenges that she believes she can attain. Christy should also find more activities that she believes she can get flow from. It is essential that one needs to find many flow experiences as possible. Her coach plays a vital role in helping her experience flow more often. The coach can get her practicing with two opponents or shoot from the center of the court. This will not only avoid boredom but could increase her level of skill. Christy should also try to always get feedback from people on what she is doing. Thus, it is important for the coach to always monitor her performance and tell her about it. The coach should also make sure that the team is practicing in a place where there are little distractions. The coach should avoid making Christy do multitasking. He should develop a lot of activities during practice that will make her stay focused. Lapses in time during practices may destroy the momentum of the players and lessen the chances of achieving flow. All these strategies are important in order to achieve flow. Flow is essential for every experience because is promotes focus and total control of situations. It enables people to concentrate more effectively in their tasks. Understanding how to acquire it helps people to focus their attention at their will, without having others to get their attention. It also promotes happiness and enjoyment in all activities. Moreover, understanding flow can lead to understanding why people procrastinate on certain issues. References Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Chicago, IL: Harper Perennial.

Tasks and Functions of Management

Tasks and Functions of Management Executive Summary As retrieved from Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary; manager is defined as the person who is responsible for managing an organization which is mainly associated with the management which is described as the control and organization of something. (Cambridge University Press, 2008).This assignment gives a good understanding on the roles played by a manager in a management. We are able to understand effectively the do’s and don’t’s briefly on a managerial roles and managements styles for future undertakings. Based from Task 1, the managerial roles and mangement styles is deifined and explained based from an organization im involved on achieving appropriate goals of the organization. Meanwhile, the Task 2 identifies the problems or limitations faced by manager in effective decision making and how it affects the organization and management. This manager’s role and managerial styles with the barriers to effective decision making faced by managers is being explained briefly in few parts which includes the introduction, management and organization, barriers to effective decision making, and also conclusion and recommendation on the task given. The findings consist of understanding about the management, managers and their functions with the roles played by them such as interpersonal roles, informational roles, and also decisional roles. Besides that, the history of the organization with the coordination of effort, common goals or purposes, division of labor and the hierarchy of authority is being discussed in here. Not only that, the barriers types such as personal confidence, confirmation bias, anchoring bias, and illusory correlations is also being discussed for better understanding. Lastly, it can be concluded that, by completing the given task, one can able to identify the important criteria that a manager must consider always in making a decision with suitable recommendations for developing alternative solutions to the occurring problem for the best decision making barriers. Introduction To perform a variety of roles in an organization we need to study the management in order to examine the role that managers expect .These roles were solely developed by a researcher who is;Henry Mintzberg in late 1960s after a careful and in-depth study of executives at work. (Burgaz, 1997) If a manager has to achieve the goal in a organization, he has to follow the ten managerial roles which are divided into three categories. The categories are interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. The efficiency and effectiveness to manage an organization is the priority progress. Thus manager’s neglect or these processes are executed. The problem might be wrongly defined, or goals misidentified. Insufficient solutions might be generated, or they may have be evaluated incompletely. A satisfying choice compared to maximizing choice may be made. Implementation poorly planned or executed, monitoring may be inadequate or nonexistent. Decision making are influenced by few categories which can be divided to such like; subjective psychological biases, time pressures, and also social realities. 2.0 Management and Organizations The 21st century has brought with it a new workplace, one in which everyone must  adapt to face the rapid challenges and opportunities. The economy has become global and organizations have to transform themselves to serve new customer expectations. Knowledge based and performance driven is the method of the new economy. The themes widely used in the present context area are such related to ‘respect’, participation, empowerment alongside with teamwork and also self management. In the dark light of the above challenges a new kind of leader is needed to guide business through turbulence. Managers in organizations do this task. 2.1 Functions of Management In any organization, the most important issue is management. So, we should plan out things done systematically in order to be efficient and effective. Make sure that the plans are followed and the goals are met. Good management is the fundamental of a business. Maintaining a business is to achieve some success. To be more and more efficient is what almost every organization as well as a corporation and government strives for. Organizations often carry out important decisions based on how different alternatives will be efficient. Despite that, many organizations and managers undergo hard time to understand the difference correlatively between efficiency and effectiveness and often get â€Å"wrapped around the axle† debating semantics rather than actually evaluating the alternatives at hand. (Ted Schneider, 2008) These concepts are often use little consistency and in some areas drastic change lead to be interdependent. This proves that managers are well dedicated and plan system atically. 2.2 Who are Managers Managers are defined as an organized group of people whose purpose is solely to achieve the objectives and desired goals of an organization for the organization’s benefit. To get a better review of the discussed ideas and views expressed by academicians and involved practitioners; that managers are simply known as at the lowest level of management. Then, followed by the middle managers who manage between the first line level and the top level of the organization. Therefore the top level managers who are responsible for making decision and establishing plans and goals that effect the entire organization. 2.3 Managers Task Table 1: 10 Management Roles. Category Roles Interpersonal Roles Figurehead Role Leader Role Liaison Role Informational Roles Monitor Role Disseminator Role Spokesperson Role Decisional Roles Entrepreneur Role Disturbance Handler Role Resource Allocator Role Negotiator Role A manager is someone who coordinates and supervises the work of other people so that goals can be achieved. Besides that, managers too have to carry out additional task such as Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. These functions provide a useful structure for management knowledge. Firstly, Planning can be defined as striving for goals and immerge plan for coordination purpose. Secondly, Organizing meant by setting up the work formation to achieve goals. Thirdly, Leading is to lead or guide people with the integrity to achieve goals. Finally controlling focusing and supervising the quality of the work. Mintzberg described Managerial work relates to ten roles those are divided into three categories. Firstly interpersonal roles are the figurehead, leader and liaison. Secondly was an informational role which relates to monitor, disseminator and spokesman. Finally is the decisional roles which caters the entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. Thu s, clearly notify the interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. 2.3.1 Interpersonal Roles Figurehead role perform the ceremonial duties. Leader role motivate and support the workers and Liaison role involve duties with other unit bodies. 2.3.2 Informational Roles Monitor role for environmental issues. Disseminator role is that to exchange or interchange knowledge in their departments. Spokesperson role part their knowledge by sharing information outside their companies. 2.3.3 Decisional Roles Entrepreneur role is to adopt and adapt to change. Disturbance handler role set an alert supervision to clear out any serious problem. Resource allocator collects and handles resources. Lastly, negotiator role compromise with update schedules, current projects, available resources, goals achievements and injecting employees to the company without fail. 2.3.4 Company History Jack Cohen from a market stall in East London founded in 1919. Currently we operate in 12 countries around the world, 530000 employees and serve thousands of customers daily. We are efficient in our sales experience. Nowadays, we believe that we do the right things to satisfy all walks of life that prefers our service. In Malaysia, from 2001 till today, TESCO had been the best Hypermarket. The mangers at TESCO prefer the interpersonal roles to welcome customers warmly, introducing new benefits and support charitable organizations. Besides this, managers motivate and encourage staffs to achieve the objectives. At TESCO, managers regularly acknowledge employees with celebratory lunches and gifts certificates. Moreover the managers exchange ideas outside their units. Evidence shows managers spend most of their sharing ideas and information with other ‘VIP’ groups. 2.4 Management Style Management style is a managerial parlance often used to describe the how of management. It is a function of behavior associated with personality.(McGuire.R, 2005).A way which is used to manage an organization can be referred as management style. Management style is â€Å"the adhesive that binds diverse operations and functions together†. It is the philosophy or set of principles by which the manager capitalizes on the abilities of the workforce.(Nwadukwe Uche.C, 2012).Management style is often mistaken for a procedure on how to do the management framework for doing. A management style is essentially a way of life to operate throughout the organization and to be able to permit an executive to rely on the initiative of the personnel of an entity. The four often used managerial styles in an organization are leadership and management style, autocratic style, democratic style, laissez-faire. In this organization, Tesco; the management choose democratic style to achieve the goals of the organization. Inputs are gathered and decisions as well as the responsibilities are shared is a way of how the democratic style is being implemented. This can be done where the manager ignites a meeting among the team member from the same department to brain storm and to make appropriate decision involving the specified task and to have a faith and trust on the team members to have the capability to develop the appropriate direction to fulfill the decision made. 2.5 An Organization Basically, an organization as known and not necessarily a legal entity, corporation or low liability company(LLC) is a person or group of people intentionally to achieve a common goal. A business organization varies in size from one person to thousands. Therefore essential aspects have to consider about the organization’s goal. These features are explicit; therefore deliberate and recognized or implicit in an operating unrecognized with the term â€Å"behind the scenes. (Koontz.H, 1997) Usually during the strategic planning process, these features are carefully considered and established ideally. Upon completing, well consider deeply on dimensions and concepts that are very common to organizations. The prominent psychologist, all the organizations together share four characteristics which is coordination effort, common goal or purpose, division labor, and hierarchy of authority. 2.5.1 Coordination Effort The well known quotation agrees that two heads are sometimes better than one; Individuals who join force together and be able to coordinate their mental and or physical efforts can accomplish many great and exciting things. (David A.Nadier) Great inventions and sky scrapers were erected by the talent and desire of an individual. Hence, collaboration and coordination only implies with multiple thoughts. 2.5.2 Common Goals or Purposes Managerial force and the Labor force coordinate with mutual interest, it ensures to achieve the target goal of the organization. 2.5.3 Division Labor An organization can use its human resources efficiently by systematically dividing complex tasks into specialized jobs. Division of labor permits in each organization member has to become more and more proficient by repeatedly doing the same assigned specialized task. The advantage of division of labor is well known to all of us. It is better to divide human resources into diversification tasks. When experience and proficiency exceeds, an organization can utilize its human resource to carry out the complex tasks into specialized jobs. Thus, division of labor is a healthy decision that can be implemented. 2.5.4 Hierarchy Of Authority Figure 1: The Hierarchy of Authority in TESCO,Malaysia. Table 2: Acronim of Hierarchy of Aunthority in TESCO,Malaysia. Acronim: AGM Area General Manager SGM Store General Manager TM Trading Manager SM Section Manager If an organization is to achieve the targeted goal, then it should follow a strict and rigid system of management. Thus providing the necessary guidelines and resources which procedure a conductive working environment. A leader should take charge and his commands are followed. Thus, authority should be given to such leaders in order to follow orders effectively and efficiently. Coordination of effort is difficult to achieve without a clear hierarchy of authority. Accountability is mainly enhanced by having such leaders so called ‘managers’ in an organization. 3.0 Barriers to Effective Decision Making Effective decision-making is an interdisciplinary process that involves applying social psychology, group dynamics and management theory (K.Borchardt, 2010). A vital part in making a good decision is actually checking the problems which can be solved by one. However, neglected difficulties, such as cognitive biases, often cause the most challenges in making effective decisions, which ends up making poor decisions. These mental barriers are often subconscious. Cognitive biases present both in individuals and teams often choose options and making decisions. However, there are ways to identify and leap over problems. The most important fact is that to ignore and break off from these barriers such as the personal overconfidence, confirmation bias and anchoring bias. 3.1 Personal Overconfidence Psychologists diligently have shown that human beings are precisely systematically overconfident in making judgments†. (A.Roberto, 2009) Personal overconfidence leads to poor judgment and often faces high-risk decisions for not prepared for any factors. This is more common to high performers who are very self-confident and ready to bear the risk. 3.2 Confirmation Bias A contractor who possesses a lengthy history of good work performance and a good working relationship can also lead to confirmation bias. In an organization groups decision making encourages confirmation bias. 3.3 Anchoring Bias Anchoring bias is the term used for the notion that we sometimes allow an initial reference point so it could distort our estimate. (S.Nickerson, 1998) Anchoring bias can occur when negotiating renewal of a contract or negotiating a new contract. Anchoring bias can also occur when the cost of supplying goods or services specified in the contract changes. This misjudge can lead to losses for the organization which can affect the whole managerial management. 3.4 Illusory Correlation Illusory correlation can be best described as the fact that we sometimes jump into conclusions about the relationship which is between two variables with no relationship exists.(Borchard, 2010). As an example, a manager whom hires someone under him may place too much reliance on a job candidate’s verbal presentation skills, believing there is a strong correlation of these skills with the skills required for excellent job performance. Second rate candidates are more preferably to be selected or hired through this illusory correlation. 4.0 Recommendation This task helps the student to understand fully on how manager should make effective decision making and it is recommended that managers need to focus on the relevant and irrelevant considerations as well as understand fully the act and consequences arise from the decision made. Besides that, other effective decision making theories are also suggested to improve the quality of management and managerial styles. Those theories are such like: Rational Decision Making Tradeoff Behaviour Decision Making Psychology Resistance to Change 5.0 Conclusion Eventually there are many roles in an organization which involve ways to handle various situations according to their management. In an organization managers can describe the managerial roles used to familiarize with the management style so they can achieve the goals of the organization. At this moment the managers can handle or face any barriers by making decision very effectively. In this situation, we should learn how to make decision very carefully and dont be so overconfidence in order to improve ourselves in a more effective decision making. References A.Roberto Michael The Art Of Critical Decision Making [Book].- 2009.- p. 56. Borchard John K. Overcoming Barriers to Effective Decision Making [Book].- [s.l.]: Contract Management, 2010. Burgaz Assit.Prof.Dr.Berrin Managerial Roles Approach And The Prominent Study Of Henry Mintzberg 1960 [Journal].- 1997.- p. 2. Cambridge University Press Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary [Book].- [s.l.]: Cambridge, 2008.- Vol. third edition. David A.Nadier Michael L.Thusman,Nina G.Hatvany Managing Organization[Journal]// Little ,Brown And Company Boston Tronto.- p. 42. Koontz.H Heinz Weihrich Managerial Roles Approach And The Prominent Study OfHenry Mintzberg 1960 [Journal].- 1997.- p. 10. McGuire.R Which Management Styleto Use [Journal].- London: The Pharmaceutical Journal, 2005.- 275: Vol. 9. Nwadukwe Uche.C Court Oggele Timinepere Management Styles and Organizational Effectiveness : An Appraisal of Private Enterprises in Eastern Nigeria [Journal].- Nigeria: American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2012.- no.9: Vol. 2. S.Nickerson Raymond Confirmation Bias : A Libiquitous Phenomenon Occurring InMany Guises [Journal]// Review of Clinical Psychology.- 1998.- p. 58. Ted Schneider Brian Leslie Efficienc Vs Effectiveness : Defining The Difference[Journal]// Switch Point LLC.- 2008.- p. 1. Weblite Tesco Homepage [Online]// http://www.tesco.com.my/.- 09 08, 2014. APPENDIX Principles and Practices in ManagementPage | 1